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The most common vacancies are in the calcium positions carbonate can substitute for either phosphate or hydroxyl fluoride substitutes for hydroxyl and the cations substitute in the calcium positions. Substitution of foreign ions and vacancies into the hydroxyapatite crystal structure are common, especially in biologic apatites, and adsorption of foreign ions and molecules onto the surfaces of the crystals is equally common, because of the relatively small size and large surface area of the biologic apatites. The lack of stoichiometry of bone apatite has been confirmed by chemical analyses, which finds Ca/P molar ratio distinct from the predicted 1.67, ranging from 1.4:1 to 2.0:1. They may also be phosphate deficient, and lattice vacancies are also found ( Legeros, 2002 Tampieri et al., 2005). In general, bone apatite is hydroxide deficient ( Boskey, 2007), and hence is called hydroxyapatite or “apatite.” Detailed analyses of the structure of synthetic and bone mimetic-apatites have shown them to be calcium deficient, with magnesium, sodium, carbonate, and fluoride substitutions. For HAP examined with Cu Kα radiation, the wavelength is 1.541, the 002 reflection (used to measure c-axis length) is 25.85 degrees 2 Θ. Where β1/2 is the peak width at half maximum in degrees 2 Θ, K is a constant (usually 0.9 for HAP), λ is the wavelength of the X-ray source used (in Angstroms), d is the average domain size (assumed to be crystallite size), and Θ is the position of the reflection peak in radians. Nanocrystalline HAP crystals that are synthesized in the laboratory have structural properties similar to bone HAP, and range in size from 30 to 50 nm in length, with a diameter, based on TEM, of about 10 nm ( Jäger et al., 2006). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the crystals (depending on how they are viewed) are needle- or plate-like ( Landis et al., 1991) however, a plate-like crystal on its side resembles a needle, and vice versa.
The elevations shown in each symbol relate to the positions along the c-(needle) axis. The salient features of the structure have not changed and are summarized in Figure A.1 as a projection on the x,y plane (i.e., the a and b axes are in the plane of the paper). More recent refinements have been made on powder diffraction patterns based on neutron diffraction data ( Leventouri et al., 2003) and by Reitfeld refinement ( Wilson et al., 2004).
The crystal structure of a single crystal of stoichiometric hydroxylapatite was solved in 1964 ( Kay et al., 1964). The analogy was recognized from X-ray diffraction analyses performed almost a century ago. mineral in bone and dentin and some pathologic deposits is a poorly-crystalline analog of the geologic mineral hydroxylapatite (Ca 10(PO 4) 6(OH) 2), HAP.
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we need PC-programer to make this work and bypass this errorĮCM Titanium 1.61 did not work on my windows 10 X64 pc
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Windows 8 and windows 7 64 bit does not work ……………. I tried to do it but i find it impossible, at the end i have to use vmware solution, would be nice if someone can solve ecm titanium installation on w8 64bits I have tried XP SP3 to win 7 32bit and all come up with Win-license error or active monitoring program needs to be shut down. I have installed on win 7 圆4 it works perfect.ĮCMTitanium 1.61, which operation system CANNOT work on: don’t need nothing to install, run titanium.exe Working very good on windows xp sp3 and win 7 ultimate. Not work on my windows 10 X64 pcbut on my laptop with Windows 7 X64 it worked fine.
Ecm titanium 1.67 download install#
Not possible to have working on windows 8, I have tried many different ways, only way which it works is to install vm workstation with an install of xp, works perfectly this way. I am work in version XP, and version 7 in v32 and v64 Yes, if you have ECMTitanium1.61 working 100%:ĮCMTitanium v1.61, which operation system CAN work on: Question: ECMTitaniumv1.61work in windows10 win8 win 7 win xp?
Ecm titanium 1.67 download software#
Start running ECM Titanium software for use. Send ECM Titanium software to Desktop (create shortcut)Ĭlick “ Info” tab> Lizenz ECM Titanium to check the software versionĬlick “ Werkzeuge” (Tools) tab -> Sprachauswhl (Language selection) to change language
Ecm titanium 1.67 download how to#
!FywDVRAD!k3BvLARxZ2UEQt8FPW4KDYzzoFl_hgvgAmE-wiDMQfc How to install ECMTitanium v1.61 on Windows 10/8/7/XP?Ĭopy ECM FULL folder and paste it to Local Disk (C:) New and fully working link (mega.nz) on ECM Titanium 1.61.